Risk Factors
School
• Negative attitude toward school/Low bonding/ Low school attachment/ Lack of
commitment to school
• Truancy/Frequent absences
• Low academic aspirations
Family
• Family management problems/Poor parental supervision and monitoring
• Pattern of high family conflict
• Poor family attachment/bonding
• Family transitions
• Parental use of physical punishment/Harsh and/or erratic discipline practices
Peer
• Association with delinquent and/or aggressive peers
Individual
• Life stressors
Protective Factors
School
• Strong school motivation/Positive attitude toward school
Family
• Effective parenting
• Good relationships with parents/Bonding or attachment to family
• Having a stable family
Peer
• Involvement with positive peer group activities
Individual
• Social competencies and problem-solving skills
• Positive/Resilient temperament
• Positive expectations/Optimism for the future
